Cancer & Tumor Immunology

Tumor biology

Cells may acquire mutations in genes that control proliferation, such as tumor suppressor genes. Tumors grow in a series of steps. The first step is hyperplasia, resulting from uncontrolled cell division. These cells appear normal, but some changes occurred that results in loss of control of growth. The second step is dysplasia, resulting from further growth, accompanied by abnormal changes to the cells. The third step requires additional changes, which result in cells that are even more abnormal and can now spread over a wider area of tissue. These cells begin to lose their original function; such cells are called anaplastic. At this stage, the tumor is still contained within its original location (called in situ) and is not invasive, it is not considered malignant - it is potentially malignant. The last step occurs when the cells in the tumor metastasize, which means that they can invade surrounding tissue, including the bloodstream, and spread to other locations. This is the most serious type of tumor, but not all tumors progress to this point. These Tumor Biology that mainly Include Molecular and Cellular oncology and ImmunoOncology.

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