Cancer & Tumor Immunology

Tumor Immunology is determining the function and behaviors of innate and adaptive immune cells in health and disease, including the interactions with their microenvironment. Understanding the essential principles underlying immune cell development, activation, regulation, differentiation and death also because the molecular mechanisms underlying diversity and plasticity of the system may be a prerequisite for the planning of targeted manipulation strategies to guard from cancer, autoimmunity and infection and to foster and devise the event of novel therapeutic approaches. To address their research questions the individual groups, develop and use sophisticated experimental model systems and technologies like structural biology, genetic barcoding and high-throughput single cell analysis platforms.

Cancer Immunology will outline the basic biology of immune responses with the goal of developing new immune therapy approaches and improving existing ones. Basic research to investigate, at the cellular and molecular levels, the mechanisms that regulate the immune system, yielding knowledge that will further our efforts to harness the power of the immune system to treat cancer.

Prolonged inflammation can damage your body’s healthy cells and tissue, and weaken your immune system, the link between inflammation and cancers, cancers tended to occur at sites of chronic inflammation. Lately, it turned out that acute inflammation contributed to the regression of cancer. Inflammation and innate immunity are important targets in patients with cancer

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People with HIV/AIDS are at high risk for developing certain cancers, such as Kaposi's sarcoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and cervical cancer. For people with HIV, these three cancers are often called "AIDS-defining conditions. Most types of cancer begin when normal cells begin to change and grow uncontrollably, forming a mass called a tumor. A tumor can be benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous, meaning it can spread to other parts of the body).

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Cancers are not just masses of malignant cells but complex ‘rogue’ organs, to which many other cells are recruited and can be corrupted by the transformed cells. Interactions between malignant and non-transformed cells create the tumor microenvironment. Changes of the tumor micro environment have been closely correlated to cancer-mediated inflammation.

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A cancer vaccine is a vaccine that treats   with existing cancer or prevents development of a cancer. Cancer vaccines are also   known as biological response modifiers. A biological response modifier helps by stimulating or restoring the immune system’s ability to fight infections and disease. The most commonly used side effect of cancer vaccines is inflammation at the site of injection, including redness, pain, swelling, warming of the skin, itchiness, and occasionally a rash. Mainly these vaccines include cell therapy and gene therapy.

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Cancer prognosis gives us information about the percentage of people who survive a certain type of cancer for specific amount of time. Some of the factors that affect prognosis like type of cancer, its location in the body, stage, size of the cancer, cancer’s grade and age of the patients etc… The time of period varies; it may be 1 year, 2 years, 5 years, and etc... Cancer-specific survival is also called as Disease-specific survival. There are different ways to measure and report survival and statistics of cancer. This cancer prognosis that mainly include liver cancer prognosis, metastatic prognosis and brain cancer prognosis.

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Cancer cell biology can be defined as a disease of the genes. This is the small part of DNA and master molecule of the cell. The main two characteristics are uncontrolled growth of the cells in the human body and the ability of these cells to migrate and spread to distant sites. If the spread is not controlled, cancer can result in death. Bone marrow stromal stem cells also called mesenchyme stem cells or skeletal stem cells and these can generate bone, cartilage, and fat cells. The cancer pathology is a medical document that written by a pathologist. A pathologist is a doctor who specializes in interpreting laboratory tests and evaluating cells, tissues, and organs to diagnose disease.

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Cells may acquire mutations in genes that control proliferation, such as tumor suppressor genes. Tumors grow in a series of steps. The first step is hyperplasia, resulting from uncontrolled cell division. These cells appear normal, but some changes occurred that results in loss of control of growth. The second step is dysplasia, resulting from further growth, accompanied by abnormal changes to the cells. The third step requires additional changes, which result in cells that are even more abnormal and can now spread over a wider area of tissue. These cells begin to lose their original function; such cells are called anaplastic. At this stage, the tumor is still contained within its original location (called in situ) and is not invasive, it is not considered malignant - it is potentially malignant. The last step occurs when the cells in the tumor metastasize, which means that they can invade surrounding tissue, including the bloodstream, and spread to other locations. This is the most serious type of tumor, but not all tumors progress to this point. These Tumor Biology that mainly Include Molecular and Cellular oncology and ImmunoOncology.

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